Introduction: Making Things Small and Cute
Dutch makes extensive use of diminutives (verkleinwoorden
). These are forms of nouns that indicate smallness, cuteness, affection, or sometimes insignificance. They are formed by adding a suffix, usually -je
, -tje
, -pje
, or -etje
, to the noun.
English has diminutives too (e.g., booklet, kitchenette, doggy), but they are far more common and systematically formed in Dutch.
Key Characteristics of Diminutives:
- Always
het
-words: Regardless of the original noun's gender (de
orhet
), the diminutive form always takeshet
as its definite article. - Common in Spoken Dutch: Used very frequently in everyday conversation.
- Multiple Meanings: Can indicate small size, affection, cuteness, or sometimes even make something seem less important.
Formation Rules
The specific suffix depends on the ending of the noun:
-je
(Most Common): Added to nouns ending in -t, -d, -k, -f, -g, -p, -s, -ch, vowels (except stressed ë).
het huis
->het huisje
(small house)de voet
->het voetje
(small foot)het boek
->het boekje
(booklet)de brief
->het briefje
(note, small letter)de weg
->het wegje
(small road, path)de auto
->het auto'tje
(small car) - Apostrophe before-tje
after vowel.de zee
->het zeetje
(small sea) - Apostrophe before-tje
after vowel.het cafë
->het cafeetje
(small cafe) - Exception for stressed ë, see Rule 4.
-tje
: Added to nouns ending in -n, -l, -r, -w and unstressed vowels (-e, -el, -en, -er).
de maan
->het maantje
(small moon)de stoel
->het stoeltje
(small chair)de deur
->het deurtje
(small door)de vrouw
->het vrouwtje
(little woman, female animal)de kamer
->het kamertje
(small room)de tafel
->het tafeltje
(small table)de jongen
->het jongentje
(little boy)
-pje
: Added to nouns ending in -m (often after a long vowel or diphthong).
de boom
->het boompje
(small tree)de duim
->het duimpje
(small thumb)de film
->het filmpje
(short film, clip)het raam
->het raampje
(small window)
-etje
: Added to nouns ending in -ng, -l, -n, -r, -m preceded by a short, stressed vowel. This often involves doubling the final consonant of the original noun.
de ring
->het ringetje
(small ring) - ng -> ngde man
->het mannetje
(little man, male animal) - n -> nnde zon
->het zonnetje
(little sun)de ster
->het sterretje
(small star)de kam
->het kammetje
(small comb)de bal
->het balletje
(small ball)het ding
->het dingetje
(little thing)
Spelling Adjustments
- Long Vowel -> Short Vowel: Sometimes a long vowel in the original noun becomes short in the diminutive if followed by a double consonant in the
-etje
form. het glas
(long aa) ->het glaasje
(Rule 1)het bad
(short a) ->het badje
(Rule 1)de zon
(short o) ->het zonnetje
(Rule 4)de pot
(short o) ->het pottetje
(Rule 4 - requires consonant doubling for-etje
)- Apostrophe: An apostrophe
'
is sometimes used before-tje
after certain vowels or letters to maintain pronunciation, but this is less common at A2 level (auto'tje
,baby'tje
).
Usage and Meaning
- Small Size: The most basic meaning.
een huisje
(a small house),een boompje
(a small tree). - Affection/Cuteness:
een kindje
(a little child),een hondje
(a puppy/small dog),een kopje koffie
(a nice cup of coffee - implies coziness). - Specific Meaning: Sometimes the diminutive has a specific, distinct meaning.
een briefje
(a note, not just a small letter),een kaartje
(a ticket, not just a small card),een broodje
(a bread roll/sandwich). - Making things sound less serious:
een probleempje
(a small problem),een foutje
(a small mistake).
Examples in Sentences
Kijk, wat een leuk hondje!
(Look, what a cute doggy!)Wil je een kopje thee?
(Would you like a (nice) cup of tea?)Ik heb een kaartje voor het concert gekocht.
(I bought a ticket for the concert.)Dat is maar een klein probleempje.
(That's just a small problem.)Het meisje speelt met haar poppetje.
(The girl plays with her doll.)Kun je een briefje voor me achterlaten?
(Can you leave a note for me?)
Diminutives are a charming and essential part of Dutch. Remember that they always become het
-words and are formed by adding -je
, -tje
, -pje
, or -etje
based on the ending of the noun, sometimes with spelling changes. They convey smallness, affection, or can have specific lexical meanings. Pay attention to them in spoken and written Dutch!