Chapter 21: More Complex Time Expressions

Introduction: Talking About Time in Detail

Building on A1 time expressions (days, months, basic times), A2 involves using more precise and complex ways to talk about when things happen, how often, and for how long. This includes full dates, specific times of day, duration, and frequency.

Dates (Data)

  • Structure: de [day - ordinal number] [month] [year (optional)]
  • de eerste januari (the first of January)
  • de vijftiende maart tweeduizend vierentwintig (the fifteenth of March 2024)
  • Saying the Date:
  • Q: De hoeveelste is het vandaag? (What date is it today?)
  • A: Het is vandaag de zesde april. (Today is the sixth of April.)
  • Q: Wanneer ben je jarig? (When is your birthday?)
  • A: Ik ben op achttien juli jarig. / Mijn verjaardag is op achttien juli. (My birthday is on the eighteenth of July.) - Note op before the day.
  • Writing Dates: Several formats are common:
  • 6 april 2024
  • 6-4-2024
  • 06/04/2024

Specific Times of Day

  • Review: hoe laat is het? (what time is it?), uur (o'clock), half (half past), kwart voor (quarter to), kwart over (quarter past), voor (before), over (past).
  • Adding Specificity:
  • 's ochtends / 's morgens (in the morning)
  • 's middags (in the afternoon)
  • 's avonds (in the evening)
  • 's nachts (at night)
  • om acht uur 's ochtends (at eight o'clock in the morning)
  • rond half drie 's middags (around half past two in the afternoon)
  • precies om middernacht (exactly at midnight)
  • tegen zessen (towards six / around six)

Duration (Duur)

  • hoe lang? (how long?)
  • Prepositions/Phrases:
  • voor [period] (for [period] - often implies future duration or purpose)
  • Ik ga voor drie weken op vakantie. (I am going on holiday for three weeks.)
  • [period] lang (for [period] - often emphasizes the duration itself, common with past tenses)
  • De film duurde twee uur lang. (The film lasted for two hours.)
  • Ik heb drie jaar lang in Spanje gewoond. (I lived in Spain for three years.)
  • gedurende (during - more formal)
  • Gedurende de vergadering was hij stil. (During the meeting he was quiet.)
  • tijdens (during - common)
  • Tijdens de les mag je niet eten. (During the lesson you may not eat.)
  • sinds (since - point in time)
  • Ik woon hier sinds 2020. (I have lived here since 2020.)
  • al (already - indicates duration up to now)
  • Ik wacht al een uur! (I have already been waiting for an hour!)
  • Zij spreekt al goed Nederlands. (She already speaks Dutch well.)
  • van ... tot ... (from ... until ...)
  • Ik werk van negen tot vijf. (I work from nine until five.)
  • De winkel is open van maandag tot zaterdag. (The shop is open from Monday until Saturday.)

Frequency (Frequentie)

  • hoe vaak? (how often?)
  • Adverbs of Frequency:
  • altijd (always)
  • vaak / dikwijls (often)
  • regelmatig (regularly)
  • meestal / meestal (usually)
  • soms / af en toe (sometimes / now and then)
  • zelden / bijna nooit (seldom / almost never)
  • nooit (never)
  • Other Frequency Expressions:
  • elke dag / week / maand / jaar (every day / week / month / year)
  • ieder(e) ... (every ... - e.g., iedere ochtend - every morning)
  • dagelijks, wekelijks, maandelijks, jaarlijks (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly)
  • per dag / week / maand (per day / week / month)
  • twee keer per week (twice per week)
  • om de dag / week (every other day / week)
  • eenmaal, tweemaal, driemaal (once, twice, three times - more formal)
  • één keer, twee keer, drie keer (one time, two times, three times - common)

Placement: Adverbs of frequency usually follow the conjugated verb. Longer frequency expressions often go later in the sentence, sometimes at the end.

  • Ik ga vaak naar de bioscoop.
  • Hij drinkt nooit alcohol.
  • Wij eten elke avond samen.
  • Zij sport drie keer per week.

Accurately expressing time involves mastering dates (using ordinal numbers), specific times of day, ways to indicate duration (lang, tijdens, sinds, van...tot..., al), and various expressions of frequency (adverbs like vaak, soms, nooit, and phrases like elke dag, twee keer per week). Practice incorporating these into your descriptions of schedules, habits, and past events.