Introduction
Sharing experiences often involves narrating events that happened in the past. This requires using past tenses (Perfect Tense V.T.T. and Simple Past O.V.T.) and sequence words to connect the events logically.
Choosing the Right Past Tense (Recap)
- Perfect Tense (V.T.T. -
hebben/zijn
+ participle): Generally used in spoken Dutch for single, completed actions. Focuses on the result or completion. Ik heb gisteren gewerkt.
(I worked yesterday.)Zij is naar de winkel gegaan.
(She went to the shop.)- Simple Past (O.V.T. -
-de/-te
or irregular): Used for: - Descriptions, states, habits in the past (
Het was koud.
,Ik woonde daar.
,Hij had een hond.
) zijn
andhebben
(was/waren
,had/hadden
).- Storytelling / Narrating a sequence of events, especially in writing. (Common in spoken Dutch too for sequence).
Eerst stond ik op, daarna douchte ik.
(First I got up, then I showered.)
For Narrating Sequences: Both tenses can be used, but the O.V.T. often creates a smoother narrative flow for sequential actions, while the V.T.T. emphasizes the completion of each step before the next.
Sequence Words and Phrases (Signaalwoorden voor Volgorde
)
These words help structure your story and show the order of events:
- Beginning:
Eerst
(First)Om te beginnen
(To begin with)In het begin
(In the beginning)- Middle / Continuation:
Dan
(Then)Daarna
(After that)Vervolgens
(Subsequently / Next)Toen
(Then / When - referring to that past moment)Later
(Later)Ook
(Also)Verder
(Furthermore / Then)- Ending:
Tenslotte
/Tot slot
(Finally / In conclusion)Uiteindelijk
(Eventually / In the end)Aan het eind(e)
(At the end)- Time References:
Gisteren
(Yesterday)Eergisteren
(The day before yesterday)Vorige week / maand / jaar
(Last week / month / year)Toen
(When - conjunction starting a clause)Nadat
(After - conjunction starting a clause)Voordat
(Before - conjunction starting a clause)Om [time] uur
(At [time] o'clock)'s Ochtends / 's middags / 's avonds
(In the morning / afternoon / evening)
Structuring a Simple Narrative
- Start: Introduce the situation or the first event. Use a time reference if applicable.
- Sequence: Describe the following events in order, using sequence words (
eerst
,daarna
,toen
,vervolgens
). - Connect: Use conjunctions like
en
(and),maar
(but),omdat
(because),toen
(when) to link ideas and actions. - Tense: Be consistent with your tense choice for the main narrative flow (often O.V.T. for storytelling, but V.T.T. is common in speech for completed steps).
- End: Conclude the story or sequence.
Example Narratives
Example 1 (Using mainly O.V.T. - Storytelling Style): Gisteren was ik vrij. Eerst sliep ik een beetje uit. Daarna ontbeet ik rustig en las ik de krant. Vervolgens ging ik naar buiten voor een wandeling in het park. Het was mooi weer. Later die middag bezocht ik een vriendin. We dronken koffie en praatten veel. Tenslotte ging ik naar huis en kookte ik het avondeten.
(Yesterday I was free. First, I slept in a bit. After that, I had a quiet breakfast and read the newspaper. Subsequently, I went outside for a walk in the park. The weather was nice. Later that afternoon, I visited a friend (f). We drank coffee and talked a lot. Finally, I went home and cooked dinner.)
Example 2 (Using mainly V.T.T. - Spoken Style, Completed Steps): Wat heb ik gisteren gedaan? Nou, eerst heb ik uitgeslapen. Daarna heb ik ontbeten. Vervolgens ben ik gaan wandelen. Ik heb ook nog een vriendin bezocht. We hebben koffie gedronken. En tenslotte heb ik eten gekookt.
(What did I do yesterday? Well, first I slept in. After that, I had breakfast. Subsequently, I went for a walk. I also visited a friend (f). We drank coffee. And finally, I cooked food.)
Example 3 (Mixing Tenses): Vorige week ging ik naar Amsterdam. Eerst heb ik het Rijksmuseum bezocht. Dat was heel interessant. Daarna liep ik door de stad en heb ik wat gewinkeld. Toen ik moe was, heb ik op een terrasje gezeten en koffie gedronken. Uiteindelijk ben ik met de trein weer naar huis gegaan.
(Last week I went to Amsterdam. First, I visited the Rijksmuseum. That was very interesting. After that, I walked through the city and did some shopping. When I was tired, I sat on a terrace and drank coffee. Eventually, I went home again by train.)
Narrating past events involves using past tenses (V.T.T. and O.V.T.) correctly and linking actions with sequence words (eerst
, daarna
, vervolgens
, tenslotte
) and time references. Choose the tense that fits the style (storytelling vs. listing completed actions). Practice describing your day yesterday or a recent trip using these elements.